Yes, you can do that by making slices for each situation, and then somehow letting the user choose which slice to display, this could be done in a dynamic dashboard for example, but overall I don't think it is worth it to go that way just to hide one or two columns.
Or if you have specific users which need specific columns, you can use show_ifs() and ref_rows() linked to slices in order to have inline views with different columns for each user type.
"Show if" does a good job at hiding columns in detail and form views, so that might work on its own as well, the user can't pick much there, but still.
LinkedIn
Twitter
